Anxiety and depression among epilepsy patients in low-risk areas for COVID-19 in the northern part of Guizhou Province, China, during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThis study was aimed to investigate whether patients with epilepsy (PWE) have higher depression and anxiety levels than the normal population in low-risk areas for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the northern part of Guizhou Province, China, during the COVID-19 epidemic, to evaluate their knowledge on COVID-19, and to analyze related factors for the psychological distress of PWE at this special time.MethodsThe survey was conducted online from February 28, 2020 to March 7, 2020 via a questionnaire. PWE from the outpatient clinic of epilepsy of the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, and healthy people matched for age and sex, participated in this study. Mental health was assessed via a generalized anxiety self-rating scale (GAD-7) and the self-rating depression scale (PHQ-9). The knowledge of COVID-19 in both groups was investigated.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the general demographics between the PWE and healthy control groups. The scores of PHQ-9 (P < 0.01) and GAD-7 (P < 0.001) were higher in the PWE group than in the healthy group. There was a significant difference in the proportions of respondents with different severities of depression and anxiety, between the two groups, which revealed significantly higher degree of depression and anxiety in PWE than in healthy people (P = 0, P = 0). Overwhelming awareness and stressful concerns for the pandemic and female patients with epilepsy were key factors that affect the level of anxiety and depression in PWE. Further, the PWE had less accurate knowledge of COVID-19 than healthy people (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the knowledge of virus transmission route, incubation period, susceptible population, transmission speed, clinical characteristics, and isolation measures on COVID-19 (P > 0.05). PWE knew less about some of the prevention and control measures of COVID-19 than healthy people.ConclusionsDuring the COVID-19 epidemic, excessive attention to the epidemic and the female sex are factors associated with anxiety and depression in PWE, even in low-risk areas.

The outbreak of Ebola virus disease in 2022: A spotlight on a re-emerging global health menace

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare but highly contagious and lethal disease that occurs predominantly in African countries, with a case-fatality rate of 30–90%. The causative viral pathogens of EVD are within the genus Ebolavirus in the family Filoviridae. The primary route of human-to-human transmission is through direct contact with blood, bodily fluids and secretions from infected individuals. Direct contact with virally contaminated objects and sexual transmission have also been reported. Management of EVD is aggressive supportive care with possibly new therapeutic options. On 20 September 2022, an EVD outbreak was declared in Uganda, caused by Sudan ebolavirus. As of 7 November 2022, a total of 136 confirmed cases, 53 confirmed deaths have been reported, including 18 cases with seven deaths among healthcare workers. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), an EVD outbreak was also declared on 22 August 2022 (which ended on 27 September 2022);with only one case, a middle-aged woman. At the time when most countries in the world have been occupied with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the recent human monkeypox outbreak, these two outbreaks of EVD have the potential to significantly add to the burden on global health. Authorities need to augment their multi-faceted response, including stringent contact tracing and border control, to avoid the catastrophe of the 2014–2016 EVD epidemic. © 2022, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala. All rights reserved.

Nigeria's new president ‘must walk the talk on health'

Speed read Nigeria's president-elect eyes 40 per cent health insurance coverage in two years Ambitious target needs funding, human resources Over 75,000 nurses and midwives left Nigeria in five years [LAGOS] Health experts in Nigeria say the country's president-elect who will be inaugurated on 29 May must prioritise health care and refrain from politicising it. While Nigeria committed to achieving universal health coverage (UHC) by 2030, its National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) established in 2005 makes health insurance coverage voluntary. [...]in May 2022, after two decades of sustained calls by health professionals, a new Act was passed which aimed to provide health insurance for all Nigerians, through a mandatory mechanism and in collaboration with state health insurance agencies.

COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions among Ebola-Affected Communities in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2021.

Populations affected by humanitarian crises and emerging infectious disease outbreaks may have unique concerns and experiences that influence their perceptions toward vaccines. In March 2021, we conducted a survey to examine the perceptions toward COVID-19 vaccines and identify the factors associated with vaccine intention among 631 community members (CMs) and 438 healthcare workers (HCWs) affected by the 2018-2020 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. A multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of vaccine intention. Most HCWs (81.7%) and 53.6% of CMs felt at risk of contracting COVID-19; however, vaccine intention was low (27.6% CMs; 39.7% HCWs). In both groups, the perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, general vaccine confidence, and male sex were associated with the intention to get vaccinated, with security concerns preventing vaccine access being negatively associated. Among CMs, getting the Ebola vaccine was associated with the intention to get vaccinated (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.05-1.94). Among HCWs, concerns about new vaccines' safety and side effects (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.57-0.91), religion's influence on health decisions (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.34-0.61), security concerns (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.37-0.74), and governmental distrust (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.35-0.70) were negatively associated with vaccine perceptions. Enhanced community engagement and communication that address this population's concerns could help improve vaccine perceptions and vaccination decisions. These findings could facilitate the success of vaccine campaigns in North Kivu and similar settings.

Points of entry dynamics: understanding the cross-border threats for Ebola virus disease and COVID-19 in Ghana using a logic model approach.

Background: The influx of people across the national borders of Ghana has been of interest and concern in the public health and national security community in recent times due to the low capacity for the prevention and management of epidemics and other public health risks. Although the international health regulations (IHR) stipulate core public health capacities for designated border facilities such as international airports, seaports, and ground crossings, contextual factors that influence the attainment of effective public health measures and response capabilities remain understudied. Objective: This study aims to assess the relationship between contextual factors and COVID-19 procurement to help strengthen infrastructure resources for points of entry (PoE) public health surveillance functions, thereby eliminating gaps in the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of pandemic-related interventions in Ghana. Methods: This study employed a mixed-methods design, where quantitative variables were examined for relationships and effect size interactions using multiple linear regression techniques and the wild bootstrap technique. Country-level data was sourced from multiple publicly available sources using the social-ecological framework, logic model, and IHR capacity monitoring framework. The qualitative portion included triangulation with an expert panel to determine areas of convergence and divergence. Results: The most general findings were that laboratory capacity and Kotoka International Airport testing center positively predicted COVID-19 procurement, and public health response and airline boarding rule negatively predicted COVID-19 procurement. Conclusion: Contextual understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic and Ebola epidemic is vital for strengthening PoE mitigation measures and preventing disease importation.

Emerging Pandemic Infectious Disease Threats

Pandemic infectious diseases are caused by pathogens that have adapted well to growth and reproduction within the human host and that through unique environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural circumstances are able to rapidly spread across national boundaries and even globally. Although uncommon and caused by relatively few pathogens, the extraordinary human, economic, and societal losses caused by pandemic diseases as exemplified by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) make pandemic diseases of unique importance to clinicians, immunologists, and many other scientists and healthcare professionals. The pathogenesis of pandemic diseases is complex and unique to each pathogen, but common to all is widespread immunologic naïveté within the host population. In this chapter, we consider the pathogens of greatest concern for their pandemic potential. Most of these organisms are viruses, including betacoronaviruses, alpha influenza virus, Ebola virus, and the flaviviruses, but numerous bacteria are also emerging with pandemic disease potential. For each organism, we consider the factors, especially immunologic, that lead to pandemic spread and prospects for effective therapy and prevention. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Émergence des vulnérabilités de soignants en première ligne au cours des urgences sanitaires. De l'épidémie d'Ebola à la COVID-19 au Sénégal

Based on results of ethnographic study about social construction of trust, this article describes experiences of the Ebola Virus Disease epidemic. The author describes how, on the front line of the disease, response to an unpredictable epidemic in a country with limited resources such as Senegal, relies on the capacities of health workers not very visible, who have a precarious status, and who are not considered to be health personnel but who provide essential "ordinary" care on a daily basis through "tasks delegation". The article describes the patient's care itinerary, contact case identification modalities and the profile of the caregivers considered as "contacts". The author describes their experiences, the social and financial effects of home assignment, which reinforces their double professional and social vulnerability as well as their suffering. Locked in a "health subsystem" at the entrance of the health pyramid, these invisible caregivers are the most exposed, the least protected or supported. In context of a country with a fragile health system, this analysis should contribute to a sociological understanding of the usual role of caregivers in the public health system and in epidemic situations, but also to understand contours of an "organized" and institutionalized invisibility that compromises epidemic responses.Alternate :Basado en los resultados de un estudio etnográfico sobre la construcción social de la confianza, este artículo describe las experiencias vividas durante la epidemia de la enfermedad viral del Ébola. Muestra cómo, en primera línea ante los enfermos, los dispositivos para responder a una epidemia imprevisible en Senegal dependen de las capacidades de los agentes sanitarios poco visibles, con estatus precario, que no son considerados como miembros del personal de salud pero que aseguran de manera cotidiana lo esencial de la asistencia sanitaria «rutinaria». El artículo presenta el itinerario de la atención del paciente, las modalidades de identificación y el perfil del personal sanitario considerados como «contactos». La autora describe su vivencia, los efectos sociales y financieros de la asignación en domicilio, la cual refuerza la doble vulnerabilidad profesional y social, así como sus padecimientos. Confinados en un «subsistema de salud» en la base de la pirámide sanitaria, ese personal sanitario invisible es el más expuesto, el menos protegido o apoyado. Este análisis contribuirá al conocimiento sociológico del rol habitual y en situación de epidemia del personal sanitario en el sistema de salud pública, y por otra parte permitirá comprender los contornos de una invisibilidad «organizada» e institucionalizada que compromete la respuesta a las epidemias.Alternate :Basé sur les résultats d'une étude ethnographique sur la construction sociale de la confiance, cet article décrit les expériences vécues lors de l'épidémie de la maladie à virus Ebola. Il montre comment, en première ligne face aux malades, les dispositifs de réponse à une épidémie imprévisible au Sénégal reposent sur les capacités des agents de santé peu visibles, au statut précaire, qui ne sont pas considérés comme faisant partie des membres du personnel de santé, qui assurent au quotidien l'essentiel des soins « ordinaires ». L'article décrit l'itinéraire de soins du patient, les modalités d'identification et le profil des soignants considérés comme des « contacts ». L'auteure décrit leur vécu, les effets sociaux, et financiers de l'assignation à domicile qui renforce la double vulnérabilité professionnelle et sociale ainsi que leurs souffrances. Enfermés dans un « sous‑système de santé » à l'entrée de la pyramide sanitaire, ces soignants invisibles sont les plus exposés, les moins protégés ou soutenus. Cette analyse devrait permettre, d'une part, de contribuer à une connaissance sociologique du rôle habituel et en situation d'épidémie de ces soignants dans le système de soins publics, et, d'autre part, d'appréhender des cont ur d'une invisibilité « organisée » et institutionnalisée qui compromet les ripostes épidémiques.

"This Is Where We Have Scored”: Exploring the Interface between Project and Institutional Sustainability Facilitated by a Faith-Based Development Organisation in Sierra Leone

This paper explores the issue of project sustainability through an analysis of the experiences of a Faith-Based Development Organisation (FBDO) in Bo, Sierra Leone. The FBDO in question was approached by members of their local Catholic Women Association (CWA) to help them with the planning and management of a farm that had been donated to them by a chief. They agreed to this, and a series of workshops were held in June 2014, along with follow-up discussions with local experts and businesses as to what could be done to help support the women in their endeavour. Amongst other priorities, the women identified the need for the farm to produce food, income and help with their development. However, an outbreak of the Ebola virus that occurred between 2014 and 2016, following as it did on the back of an 11-year (1991–2002) civil war in Sierra Leone, led to a re-evaluation of the farm project in the eyes of the FBDO as they decided to shift to earlier priorities in education and health care. Given the constraints regarding resources and personnel, community projects, such as the CWA farm project, became of much lesser importance even though it resonated strongly with the goals of the FBDO and government, and had garnered much support amongst international donors. The paper sets out that story, beginning with the workshops and discussions held in 2014, and the ramifications of these responses to various ‘shocks', such as those presented by the civil war and disease outbreaks (Ebola and COVID-19);it also provides recommendations that might be of use regarding the interface between project and institutional sustainability within FBDOs and, indeed, the wider community of development organisations.

Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection.

Correlates of protection (CoP) are biological parameters that predict a certain level of protection against an infectious disease. Well-established correlates of protection facilitate the development and licensing of vaccines by assessing protective efficacy without the need to expose clinical trial participants to the infectious agent against which the vaccine aims to protect. Despite the fact that viruses have many features in common, correlates of protection can vary considerably amongst the same virus family and even amongst a same virus depending on the infection phase that is under consideration. Moreover, the complex interplay between the various immune cell populations that interact during infection and the high degree of genetic variation of certain pathogens, renders the identification of immune correlates of protection difficult. Some emerging and re-emerging viruses of high consequence for public health such as SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus (NiV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are especially challenging with regards to the identification of CoP since these pathogens have been shown to dysregulate the immune response during infection. Whereas, virus neutralising antibodies and polyfunctional T-cell responses have been shown to correlate with certain levels of protection against SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV, other effector mechanisms of immunity play important roles in shaping the immune response against these pathogens, which in turn might serve as alternative correlates of protection. This review describes the different components of the adaptive and innate immune system that are activated during SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV infections and that may contribute to protection and virus clearance. Overall, we highlight the immune signatures that are associated with protection against these pathogens in humans and could be used as CoP.

COVID-19 and culture

The USA has been particularly hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic and a wide spatial variation can be seen in its spread and mortality. This raises the question of why some regions are more resilient to the pandemic than others? We hypothesize that the individualism-collectivism cleavage explains the disparity in COVID-19 cases observed across sub-national units in the USA. Cultural disparity among different groups of people leads to differences in how they perceive health crises and thereby shapes the way they respond to pandemics. A heightened sense of obligation and responsibility increases in-group sociability and interdependence and raises the perceived vulnerability towards disease transmission among collectivistic individuals, and this leads to greater adherence to containment measures and social distancing rules. Our results provide evidence that more individualistic states tend to have more COVID-19 cases across the USA.

The effect of COVID-19 on students' mental health during quarantine and isolation

The COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in a global public health and mental health disaster and a massive negative psychosocial experience for students. The counteractive measures are mainly on epidemiology, prevention, and management of the COVID-19 infection, with little attention on mental health. From this background, this study sought to assess the effect of COVID-19 on students ' mental health during quarantine and isolation. An exploratory qualitative research design was applied to determine how COVID-19 affected students' mental health during quarantine and isolation. Purposive sampling was used to obtain cases deemed rich in information to ensure that saturation was reached. Thus, 12 students participated in the study. Data was collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using Tesch's method of data analysis. The trustworthiness of data was ensured through credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability. The study revealed that participants experienced behavioural changes during quarantine and isolation. Irregular sleeping patterns, difficulty in sleeping, and decreased appetite were the behavioural changes that the participants reported. The study also highlighted the coping techniques used by the participants during their quarantine and isolation periods. Religion and support from healthcare workers, family, and friends were some coping strategies that most participants believed to be beneficial. It is concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic poses an unprecedented threat to students ' mental health during quarantine and isolation.

Visual and Quantitative Analyses of Virus Genomic Sequences using a Metric-based Algorithm

This work aims to study the virus RNAs using a novel accelerated algorithm to explore any-length repetitive genomic fragments in sequences using Hamming distance between the binary-expressed characters of an RNA and a query pattern. Primary attention is paid to the building and analyzing 1-D distributions (walks) of atg-patterns - codon-starting triplets in genomes. These triplets compose a distributed set called a word scheme of RNA. A complete genome map is built by plotting the mentioned atg-walks, trajectories of separate (a-, c-, g-, and t-symbols) nucleotides, and the lines designating the genomic words. The said map can be additionally equipped by gene's designations making this tool pertinent for multi-scale genomic analyses. The visual examination of atg-walks is followed by calculating statistical parameters of genomic sequences, including estimating walk-geometry deviation of RNAs and fractal properties of word-length distributions. This approach is applied to the SARS CoV-2, MERS CoV, Dengue, and Ebola viruses, whose complete genomic sequences are taken from GenBank and GISAID. The relative stability of these walks for SARS CoV-2 and MERS CoV viruses was found, unlike the Dengue and Ebola distributions that showed an increased deviation of their geometrical and fractal characteristics. The developed approach can be useful in further studying mutations of viruses and building their phylogenic trees. © World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society. All Rights Reserved.

Preventive Measures against Ebola and COVID-19 and Their Impact on Human Dirty-Hand Disease Mitigation in Côte d'Ivoire

Hygiene is the most useful public health measure for preventing infections of important endemic and emerging diseases of global significance. This study aimed to assess the impact of these public health preventive measures on dirty hand diseases. A retrospective survey was conducted in the rural general hospitals of Taabo (south-central Côte d'Ivoire) and Marcory (urban Abidjan) to collect clinical data on dirty hand diseases in the patients' records from 2013 to 2020. In addition, focus group discussions (N = 8) were conducted in the communities in both settings to identify the sociocultural and economic hindering or fostering factors that affected the adoption of and the compliance with handwashing and disinfection practices. A total of 3245 and 8154 patients' records were examined in the general hospitals of Taabo and Marcory, respectively. Compared with women, men were more affected by typhoid fever (OR, 0.68 [95%CI, 0.53–0.88]) and influenza (OR, 0.87 [95%CI, 0.75–1]). Hygiene measures promoted during Ebola and COVID-19 outbreaks had no impact on the prevalence of typhoid fever in both settings;however, a positive impact was observed regarding influenza infections. Populations were aware of the importance of handwashing for public health but had difficulties adhering due to financial constraints, access to drinking water, and the absence or scarcity of handwashing facilities.

Human Rights Violations and Mistrust among Refugees in South Africa: Implications for Public Health during the COVID Pandemic

Despite the open policy of integration, refugees in South Africa have been experiencing increasing exclusion and discrimination in socio-economic development and from social services. State-sanctioned discrimination contributes to mistrust among marginalized groups toward the government and its institutions. However, public trust towards healthcare authorities and government institutions is critical during pandemic outbreaks to ensure the population's willingness to follow public health initiatives and protocols to contain the spread of a pandemic. Eleven key informants, including refugee community leaders and refugee-serving NGOs, were virtually interviewed about refugees' access to healthcare in South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequences of inconsistent access and discrimination on their trust of public healthcare initiatives. Interviews were analyzed using critical thematic analysis. The results suggest that refugees' access to public healthcare services were perceived as exclusionary and discriminatory. Furthermore, the growing mistrust in institutions and authorities, particularly the healthcare system, and misperceptions of COVID-19 compromised refugees' trust and adherence to public health initiatives. This ultimately exacerbates the vulnerability of the refugee community, as well as the wellbeing of the overall population.

The Politics of the Second Vaccine: Debates Surrounding Ebola Vaccine Trials in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Two experimental Ebola vaccines were deployed during the tenth Ebola epidemic (2018–20) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The first, the Ervebo vaccine manufactured by Merck, was used as part of a ring vaccination in the epicentre of the epidemic in North Kivu. In 2019, the prime- (Ad26.ZEBOV) and boost- (MVA-BN-Filo) vaccine manufactured by Johnson & Johnson (J&J) became the second vaccine against Ebola, deployed by the DRC-EB-001 vaccine trial in Goma, North Kivu. There was international debate as to the value and ethics of testing a second vaccine in an epidemic context. This article examines how this debate unfolded among actual and potential DRC-EB-001 trial participants in Goma. Drawing on ethnographic observation, interviews and focus groups, it explores how the trial was perceived and contested on the ground and situated in broader debates about the ethics of clinical trials, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. We illustrate how debates around the ethics of clinical research are not simply centred on bioethical principles but are inseparable from local political dynamics and broader contests about governance, inequality and exclusion.

Editors' Introduction: The Politics of Infectious Disease

To take but a few cases, it is impossible to grasp the rationales used during the Atlantic Slave Trade without tracing the corresponding voyages and reproductive habits of the female Aedes aegypti, the mosquito responsible for transmitting yellow fever and for which Africans were conveniently considered immune (Watts, 1999: 228–9);nor is it possible to understand the role of colonial medicine in the ‘Scramble for Africa' without decrypting later boasts such as that from the French Governor of Morocco who intended to ‘cure the diseases that for so long have corrupted this people' (Rieff, 2002: 63). While the murder of polio vaccinators in Pakistan is cloaked in anti-Western conspiracy theories, there is also a broader scepticism that questions the priorities of international donors, not to mention a clear political failure on the part of the State, that should not be glossed over (Khan and Constable, 2019). Much like the previous article, she points to ‘political, social and economic grievances' that crystallised around a response where the population suffered from ‘long-standing health needs, the cancellation of the elections, and coercive practices of the armed forces and police'. [...]this is hardly helped by MSF's own contradictions in adopting the World Health Organization's approach of ‘go big and go fast' and attempting to maintain relevance to an increasingly controversial response strategy, all the while struggling to preserve a degree of independent action that held no interest to local power brokers.

The Effect of Covid Convalescent Plasma on Hospital Stay: A Retrospective Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India.

Introduction- Covid convalescent plasma (CCP) has been used as standard of care in patients all over the world. CCP is plasma collected from recently infected and currently recovered COVID-19 patients, which contains antiviral antibodies that can be used to treat patients with COVID-19. Several studies have shown a shorter hospital stay and lower mortality in patients treated with convalescent plasma in comparison with those not treated with it. Methods- This was a retrospective observational study done at a tertiary health care centre from July 2020 to May 2021, including patients who received CCP during the course of their stay in the hospital. Results- Among 257 participants, the patients with multiple comorbidities who were administered CCP had the longest average length of stay in the hospital which was 15 days, out of which, 92 (35.8%) patients were discharged while 9 (3.5%) patients died. Also, the maximum number of deaths was observed in those patients who had no associated comorbidity, being 11 (4.3%). It was observed that earlier administration of CCP in patients (<5 days from symptom onset) was associated with a higher number of discharges as compared to deaths. Conclusion- Our study indicates that CCP may be efficient in treating COVID-19 patients if given in early course of the disease.

Sphingosine Kinases Promote Ebola Virus Infection and Can Be Targeted to Inhibit Filoviruses, Coronaviruses, and Arenaviruses Using Late Endocytic Trafficking to Enter Cells.

Entry of enveloped viruses in host cells requires the fusion of viral and host cell membranes, a process that is facilitated by viral fusion proteins protruding from the viral envelope. These viral fusion proteins need to be triggered by host factors, and for some viruses, this event occurs inside endosomes and/or lysosomes. Consequently, these 'late-penetrating viruses' must be internalized and delivered to entry-conducive intracellular vesicles. Because endocytosis and vesicular trafficking are tightly regulated cellular processes, late-penetrating viruses also depend on specific host proteins for efficient delivery to the site of fusion, suggesting that these could be targeted for antiviral therapy. In this study, we investigated a role for sphingosine kinases (SKs) in viral entry and found that chemical inhibition of sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) and/or SK2 and knockdown of SK1/2 inhibited entry of Ebola virus (EBOV) into host cells. Mechanistically, inhibition of SK1/2 prevented EBOV from reaching late-endosomes and lysosomes that contain the EBOV receptor, Niemann Pick C1 (NPC1). Furthermore, we present evidence that suggests that the trafficking defect caused by SK1/2 inhibition occurs independently of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling through cell-surface S1P receptors. Lastly, we found that chemical inhibition of SK1/2 prevents entry of other late-penetrating viruses, including arenaviruses and coronaviruses, and inhibits infection by replication-competent EBOV and SARS-CoV-2 in Huh7.5 cells. In sum, our results highlight an important role played by SK1/2 in endocytic trafficking, which can be targeted to inhibit entry of late-penetrating viruses and could serve as a starting point for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.